A Logolept’s Diet of Obscure, Obsolete, Curious and Downright Odd “P” Words

Literary & Linguistics, Popular Culture, Society & Culture, World history,

A myriad of P’s in this pod

“P” is numerus XVI in the English alphabet letter of sequence. The letter has a special place in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)…the symbol ⟨p⟩ represents a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages, the voiceless bilabial plosive or stop (sometimes called the unvoiced labial stop). “P” corresponds to the Semitic pe, perhaps deriving from an earlier sign for “mouth.” The early Greeks renamed this form pi(Π). The rounded shape of the “P”(“p”) is thought to be a Latin borrowing from the ancient Etruscan language. Another feature of the letter p is its use in combination with h in words of Greek origin to denote the unvoiced labiodental spirant expressed in other words by the letter f—e.g., philosophy, phonetics, and graphic (www.britannica.com)

{word} | {definition} | {derivation}

Padrone: (in Italy) an innkeeper; employer, esp one who exploits immigrant workers [It. (“protector”; “owner”) from L. patronus (“patron”)]

Pagophagia: the eating of ice [Gk. pagos (“frost”) + phagō (“to eat”)] 🧊

Palzogony: foreplay; love-play (origin unknown, It. ?)

Pancratic: accomplished all-rounder, good at many sports or games; having a mastery over numerous subjects) [Gk. pankratḗs, “all-powerful”) +‎ -ic]

Pangloss: one who is optimistic regardless of the circumstances [Gk. pan (“all”) + –glossa (“tongue”) from the character “Pangloss”, optimistic tutor in Voltaire’s Candide (1759)] (cf. Panglossian: excessively optimistic; marked by the view that all is for the best in this best of possible worlds)

Pangloss

Pannapictagraphist: collector of comic books (origin unknown)

Pannapictagraphist

Panoply: a collection or assortment of things; an impressive or extensive array [Gk. panoplia (“full suit of armour worn by hoplite warriors in Ancient Greece”) ]

Panoply: Greek hoplites‘ armour (image: imagining
history.co.uk)

Pantagamy: married to everybody: practice of intra-communal marriage of all members to each other in some proto-communistic societies such as in certain Amerindian tribes [Gk. pan + -gam + -ic]

Paraethesia: a prickly feeling one gets when your limbs fall asleep; a sensation of “pins and needles” [L. para- (“alongside”, “irregular”; ie, “disordered”) + -aisthēsis (“perception”; “feeling”)] 📍 🪡

Paralian: a person who lives near the sea [Gk. parálios, (“coastal”; “maritime”)] 🌊

Paralipsis: (also called Apophasis) a rhetorical device whereby the speaker emphasises the point they are trying to make by (calculated) denial…example: “I’m not saying that…“ (assertion). By merely suggesting it, they are inferring that it is in fact the case; the ploy involves drawing attention to some issue by denying that you talking about it [Gk. pará, (“by”; “near”) + -leípō, (“I leave”)]

Donald Trump, grandmaster of the artifice of Paralipsis (photo: The Globe and Mail)

Paramnesia: (psych.) a disorder prompting someone to recall events that never happened [Gk. par, para (“beside”; “next to”) + -mnesia (“memory”)]

Paranymph: the best man or bridesmaid at a wedding; a ceremonial assistant or coach to the best man/bridesmaid at a wedding [Gk. para- + -nymphē. (“bride”)]

Parapraxis: a memory lapse, a slip of the tongue, usually revealing a hidden thought (“Freudian slip”) 👅 [Gk. para– + –praxís (“doing”)]

Parateresiomaniac: a compulsive voyeur 👁️ 👁️ [Gk. para + -teresio(?) + -maniac]

Parergon: a piece of work that is supplementary to or a by-product of a larger work [Gk. párergos, (“beside the main subject”; “subordinate”; “incidental”)]

Parthenolagnia: the desire to copulate with virgins [ Gk. parthenos (“maiden”; “virgin”) + –lagneía (“sexual intercourse, -lasciviousness”)]

Partialism: (psych.) a sexual fetish with an exclusive focus on a specific part of the body other than genitals [L. pars (“part”) + -ism] (cf. Paraphilia: a form of sexual arousal caused by objects, situations, or targets that are considered atypical or not of the norm)

Pauciloquent: using a few words as possible when speaking [L. paucus (“little”; “few”) + loqui, loquor (“to speak”)]

Patavinity: the use of local slang expressions or dialects when writing [L. patavinitas, from Patavium (Padua), Italy (birthplace of Livy) + -itas -ity]

Pecunious: possessing buckets of money [L. pecūnia (“money”) + -ious] 💰 💵

Pedotrophy: the art of raising children properly [Gk. paîs, (“child”) –tréphō, (“I congeal”; “thicken”)] 👧 👦🏽

Pentapopemptic: a person who has been divorced five times [Gk. pent, penta + -apo (“off”; “away”) + –pempē (“to send”) + -ic]

Peristerophilist: one who collects pigeons (origin unknown) (-phily: the art of training pigeons)

Peristerophilist (photo: irishtimes.com)

Pernoctation: someone who stays up all night to work or to party [L. pernoctātus (“having spent the night”) + -iōn (cf. Pernoctator: someone who stays up all night to study) 🎆🌃

Pervulgate: to publish something [L. pervulgo (“to publish”; “to make public”)]

Phagomania: insatiable hunger [Gk. phagós (“eating”) + -mania]

Phanerolagniast: a psychologist who studies human lust [Gk. phaneros (“visible”; “evident”) from phainein (“bring to light”; “cause to appear”; “show”) + –lagnia]

Phillumenist: collector of matchboxes and their labels [Gk. phil- + L. -lumen (“light “) + -ist]

Philodox: one who loves his or her own opinions [Gk. phílo– (“beloved”) + –dóxa (“glory; “opinion”)] (cf. Philoxenist: a person who loves to entertain strangers)

Phosphene: the phenomenon of seeing light without light entering the eye; what occurs when you see ”stars and dots” after rubbing your eyes [Gk. phōs- (“light”) + -phainein (“to show”)] 💡

Phrontifugic: helping to escape from one’s thoughts [Gk. phrēn, (“diaphragm, mind”) + It. -fuga, from Latin, “a running away”; “flight”]

Phrontistery: a place for thinking or study [Gk. phrontis (“thought”; “care”; attention”) + -ery]

Picayune: of little value or significance; petty; a small coin in (18–(19 th. Louisiana with a low monetary value [Occitan. picaioun (“small coin”) from pica (“to jingle”)] 🪙

Picayune

Pictophile: one who gets sexual gratification from pictorial porn or erotic art [ + -phile]

Pictophile: connoisseurs of “adult magazines” (source: AFP via Getty)

Pilosism: (also -ity) excessive hairiness [L. pilo- (“hair”) + -ism]

Plangonolist: [origin uncertain, one suggestion: Gk. plangon from plaggon (wax dolls in ancient Greek theatre substituting for female roles(?)) + -ist]

Planiloquent: talking plainly about some subject or other [L. planus (“flat”) + –loqui]

Platypygous: having a broad bottom [Gk. platys” (flat or broad) + -pygous, -pugē (“buttocks”)] (cf. Pygephanous: displaying one’s buttocks)

Pleniloquent: excessive talking; fullness of speech [L. plēnos (“full”) + –loqui]

Pleonasm: using more words than necessary; redundancy of words [Gk. pleōn (“more”) + -asm]

Pogontrophy: the practice of grooming a beard or moustache [Gk. pogon (“beard”) + –trophy (“nourishment”; “growth”)(cf. Pogontomy: cutting or trimming a beard)

The art of Pogontrophy (photo: freepik)

Polemologist: student of war [Gk. pólemos (“war; battle”) +‎ -logy]

Polemologist: a war pundit

Politicaster: 2nd-rate or inferior or petty, contemptible politician [polī́tēs (“citizen”; “freeman”) + -aster§] (cf. Poetaster: an inferior poet)

Politicaster (source: frankfuredi.substack.com)

Polyoquent: garrulous; loquacious; discourse on many topics [Gk. poly + -loqui (“speak”)]

Polyphage: someone who eats many kinds of food [Gk. poly + –phage]

Polyphasic: consisting of two or more phases [Gk. poly + -phase + -ic]

Pomiculturalist: fruit-grower [L. pōmum (“fruit tree”; “fruit” + –culture] 🍇 🍈 🍉

Preantepenultimate: fourth from last [L. prae (“before”) + –ante (“preposition and prefix”) + –paene (“almost”) + ultimus (“last”)]

Pre-meridian: before noon [L. pre + -meridies (“noon”)] 🕚

Presbycusis: loss of hearing due to old age [Gk. presbys, (“old man”), + akousis, (“hearing”) (cf. Presbyopia: loss of sight due to old age)

Preterpluperfect: better than perfect [L. praeter (“past”; “beyond”) + plūs (“more”) + quam (“than”) + perfectus (“achieved”; “finished”; “perfected”) (literally, “more than finished”)]

Pridian: yesterday; previous day [L. prior + -dies (“day”) + -anus (“-an”)]

Proctor: disciplinary officer (university); particular class of senior lawyer [MidEng. procutour (“procurator”; “proctor”)]

Progenitor: ancestor or parent [L. pro- (“forth”) + gignere (“to beget”)]

Propinquity: physical proximity or similarity between things (like attracts like); close kinship [L. prope (“near”) + -quity]

Prosopolethy: inability to remember a face [Gk. prosōpon (“person”; “face” + -lēpsis (“act of taking hold or receiving”; “acceptance”) + -ia -y]

Protean: ever-changing: versatile; mutable; able to change frequently or easily [Gk. from Proteus, in Greek mythology a sea-god with a tendency to shape-shift)]

Protean: from the shape-shifting god of rivers and oceans

Pseudandry: use of a masculine pseudonym by a woman [Gk. pseudēs (“false”) + –andrós (“male”)] (cf. Pseudogyny: use of a feminine pseudonym by a man)

Puellaphilist: (Psych.) one who loves girls (and perhaps sexually desires them) [L. puella (“young girl”) + –phil]

Pulchritudinous: comely; beautiful; dazzling; ideal; a looker [L. pulcher (“beautiful”) + -tūdō (“-ness”)]

Pusillanimous: lacking courage or resolution; timidly cowardly [Latin pusillus (“very small”) (diminutive of pusus (“boy”) + -animus “spirit”)]

Pyknic: being of stocky physique and a rounded body and head; thickset [Gk. puknos (“thick“) + -ic]

Pysmatic: always asking questions and inquiring (origin unknown)

Pythogenic: coming from garbage [Gk. pytho– from pythein (“to cause to rot”) + -genic]

Pythogenic

Standout P-word in the ALDOOCDO catalogue of lexical merit: Pernickety: fussy, particular; extensive attention to esp trivial or minor detail (an OCD candidate?) [Scots. pernickety, persnickety, of uncertain origin; (resembles in form per- (“intensifying prefix”) + nick, but might be derived from particular + -finicky)]

↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜↝↜

§ the suffix –aster, whenever it pops up tacked on to the end of some base word is invariably pejorative, meaning something that is inferior, small or shallow

A Logolept’s Diet of Obscure, Obsolete, Curious and Downright Odd”O” Words

Literary & Linguistics, Popular Culture, Sports history, World history,

The story of ”O” lexemes

ALDOOCDOW reaches one of the key letters in lexicon entries, “O”, the great connector of syllables. The story of “O”, the 15th letter and fourth vowel in the alphabet, is an interesting one. Circular in shape like the number zero, the letter “O” surfaces for the first time in writing systems in the Semitic languages some time around 1,000BC as a consonant (the cognate Arabic letter ayin which possibly evolved earlier from a hieroglyphic sign representing an eye). When it reached the archaic Greeks “O” morphed into the vowel we recognise in English today.

Obeliscolychny: a lighthouse [Gk. obelískos (“obelisk”) + –lukhníon (“lamp-stand”)]

Obeliscolychny (source: BlueKnot)

Obelise: to condemn as spurious, doubtful or corrupt [Gk. obelós, (“obelus” – a sharpened stick, spit, or pointed pillar)]

Obequitate: to ride about; to ride aimlessly on a horse 🐎 [L. ob + equito (“to ride”)]

Obganiate: to irritate someone by constantly repeating oneself [It. ostinato (“obstinate”; ”persistent”)]

Oblectation: enjoyment; pleasure; satisfaction [L. oblectare (“to delight”)]

Oblivescence: forgetfulness; forgetting [L. oblīv(īscī) (“to forget”) + (influenced by -escenc)]

Oblocutor: one who denies or disputes [L. obloqui (“to speak against”) + -or]

Obrogate: to alter the law by passing a new law [L. ob- (“toward; “against”) + rogare (“to ask”, “propose”, “propose a law”)]

Obsidional: of, like or pertaining to a siege [L. obsidēre (“beset”; “besiege”; “hem in”)]

Obsidional (source: dkfindout.com)

Obsolagnium: waning sexual desire due to age [L. ob- (“in the way”) + –sol (?) + Gk. -lagneía (“sexual predilection”) ]

Obtenebrate: to cast a shadow over; to darken as if by shadowing [L. ob-(“to”; “toward”; “over”) + -tenebrae (“darkness”)] (cf. Obumbrate: to overshadow)

Obvert: to turn; to alter; to change the appearance or seeming of [L. ob- + vertere (“to turn”)]

Obvert: like the chameleon (source: The Indian Express)

Occlusion: closing or blocking off of an opening, passage or cavity [L. -ob (“in the way”) + -claudere (“to close or shut”)]

Ochlarchy: mob rule [Gk. ochlo (“mob”) + -archy (“rule”)]

Octamerous: having parts in eights [Gk. okta, okt (“eight”) + -meros (“part”)] (cf. Octan: recurring every eight days)

Octothorp: hash sign/tag (also called number sign or pound sign) #️⃣ [Gk. octō- (“eight”) + (?) –thorpe (“field”; “hamlet”; “small village”)] (Word apparently coined by staff at Bells Telephone Labs, late 1960s)

Odalisque: female slave or concubine in a harem (esp of the Ottoman sultan’s) Fr. from Turk. odalık, (orig.) oda (“room”)]

Odalisque: painting by Henri Matisse

Odontalgia: toothache 🦷 [Gk. odóus (“tooth”) + –álgos (“pain”)]

Oecist: founder of a colony [Gk. from oîkos house + -istēs (“-ist”). The oíkistēs was the citizen chosen by an ancient Greek polis as the leader of any new colonisation quest

Oecodomic: of, like or pertaining to architecture [(?) Gk. oec (“house”) + L. –dom (“house”) + -ic(?)]

Oenologist: a person who studies wines and winemaking [Gk. oînos (“wine”) + -logia (“study of”)] 🍷

Ogee: a double curve, resembling the letter S (or serpentine shape or sigmoid shape); S-shaped [MidEng ogeus (?)]

Ogee

Oikofugic: a desire to leave home; an urge to wander or travel [Gk. oîkos (“household”) + L. fugere (“to flee”); coined by psychologist G Stanley Hall, 1904 (cf. Obambulate: (“to wander about”) 🧳 (cf. Oikotropic: the desire to stay put at home)

Oikology: the science of houses and homes, especially in respect of their sanitary conditions [Gk. oîkos + -logy] 🏠

Oikonisus: desire to start a family [Gk. oîkos + -nīsus (“planting one’s feet firmly on the ground”)]

Oleaginous: oily; resembling oil: marked by an offensively ingratiating manner or quality [Gk. elaia (“olive”) + -ous]

Olecranon: a bony prominence at the elbow, on the upper end of the ulna; the tip of the elbow; the funny bone [Gk. ōlenē (“elbow”) + -kranion (“skull”)]

Olecranon

Olent: having a scent; fragrant [L. olere (“to smell”)]

Oligophrenia: feeblemindedness [Gk. olígos (“few”; “scanty”) + -phrēn, (“diaphragm”; “mind”; “heart”)]

Olio: miscellany; potpourri [L. olla (“cooking pot”)]

Ollamh: (or Ollam) (hist) in ancient Ireland, a man of science or learning, considered equivalent to a university professor [Old Irish ollam (“doctor”)]

Ololygmancy: fortune-telling by the howling of dogs 🐕 [Gk. ololuzō (“howl”) + -manteia (“prophecy”)]

Ololygmancy (source: mediastorehouse.com.au)

Ombiblous: a person who drinks everything, alcohol/non-alcohol 🍸 [Gk. om (?) + –bibere (“to drink”) coined by HL Mencken]

Ombrophilous: tolerant of large amounts of rainfall [ómbros (“rain”) + -philos (“love”)] 🌧️

Omneity: state of being all; allness [Gk. ómnis (“all”) + -ity]

Omnify: to make large or universal [Gk. ómnis + –fy]

Omniloquent: speaking on all subjects [Gk. ómnis + loqui (“to speak”)]

Omnivert: a personality trait that alternates between introvert and extrovert polarities [L. omnis (“all”) + –versus, -vertere (“invert”)] (cf. Ambivert: similar, but more of a balance between the two extremes)

Omphaloskepia: navel-gazing; the contemplation of one’s navel as an aid to meditation [Gk. omphalós, (“navel”) + sképsis, (“perception”; “reflection”)] (cf. Omphaloslopsychite) 👁️

Omphalos: the navel; a boss; the centre or hub of something [Gk. omphalós (“navel”)]

Onanism: masturbation; gratify oneself through sexual self-stimulation NewLat. onanismus, from Onan, son of Judah (Book of Genesis)]

Onanism (image: from R. Crumb’s Illustrated comic Book of Genesis)

Oniomania: uncontrollable urge to shop; a retail therapy preoccupation and compulsion [Gk. ṓnios, (“for sale”) + -mania]

Oneirodynia: nightmare; unpleasant or painful dream [Gk. oneiros (“dream”) + -odynē (“pain”)] (cf. Oneirology: the scientific study of dreams)

Onomasiology: study of nomenclature [Gk. onomázō (“I name”) +‎ -logy]

Onomatous: bearing the author’s name [Gk. onomat, onoma (“name”) + -ous]

Ontocyclic: returning to an infantile state or character in old age [Gk. ont + -kuklós (“circular”)]

Ontological: based upon being or existence [Gk. ontós (“existing”; “being”) + –logia (“study”) + -al] (cf. Ontology: (metaphysics) science of pure being; the nature of things)

Onychophagia: practice/habit of biting one’s fingernails [Gk. ónux (“nail”) + –phagos (“eater”)] 💅

Onymous: having a name [back-formed from “anonymous”]

Ophelimity: economic satisfaction; the ability to please another [Gk. ōphelimos “useful”; “helpful”. Coined by Italian polymath Prof Vilfredo Pareto]

Opiniaster: (someone) obstinately attached to their opinion; (obsol.) an opinionated person [MidFr. opinionastre, opiniatre, from L. opinio (“opinion”; “conjecture”) + -aster]

Opisthosomal: of, like or pertaining to the posterior region of the body [New Latin, from opistho– (“back”; “rear”; “behind”) + –soma (“body”)]

Oppidan: an urbanite, a resident of a town, townsman; (formerly) an inhabitant of a university town not a member of the university or a university student residing in the town but not in the college [L. oppidum (“chiefly walled or fortified town”)]

Opsigamy: one who marries late in life [Gk. opsi (“late”) + –gámos (“marriage”)]

Opsimathy: learning or education that occurs late in life [Gk. opsi + –manthanein (“to learn”)]

Opsiproligery: the ability to still have children late in life [Gk. opsi + (?) -proligery(?)]

Opsomaniac: a person with an extreme enthusiasm for a particular food, esp a delicacy [Gk. opson (“rich food”; “delicacy” + -mania] (cf. Opsophagy: the eating of delicacies)

Opsomaniac (photo: cebutrip.net)

Orarian: coastal; a coast-dweller [L. ōrārius (“ora”, “of or belonging to the coast”)]

Orgulous: proud; haughty [Anglo-Fr. orguillus, from orguil “pride” of Germanic origin]

Ornithoscelidamania: an obsession with dinosaurs 🦖 [Gk. ornís (“bird”) + –celida(?) + -mania]

Orthographer: a person who is skilled in orthography (the conventions of the spelling system of a language); an expert speller [L. orthós (“straight”) + LateLat. -graphus (“grapher”) + -er]

Oryzovorous: rice-eating 🍚 [Gk. óruza (“rice”) + -vorare, -vorax (“devour”)]

Oscular: of, like or pertaining to the mouth or to kissing [L. ōscul(um) kiss”; “mouth”) + -ar]

Ostiary: doorkeeper; doorman; porter 🚪 [L. from ostium (“door”; “mouth of a river”) + -arius (-ary)]

Ostiary: the Porter in Macbeth (image: gsaarchives.net)

Otiose: lacking use or effect; producing no useful result; idle, reluctant to work or exert oneself [L. ōtiōsus (“idle”), from ōtium (“ease”)]

Outlier: (orig.) a person whose residence and place of business are at a distance; something (someone) that lies outside the main body or entity; person or thing that is atypical within a particular group, class, or category [Eng. (17th. out + -lier (“to lie”)]

Ovine: sheep-like 🐑 [L. ovis (“sheep”) + -ine]

Ovivorous: egg-eating 🥚 [L. ōvum (“egg”) + –vorare (“to devour”)]

Oxyacaesthesia: extreme sharpness of senses [Gk. oxús “sharp”; “pointed”) + -aisthēsis (“sensation”)] (cf. Oxyblepsia: extremely keen sight/ Oxygeusia: extremely keen sense of taste/ Oxyphonia: sharpness or shrillness of voice)/Oxyesthesia: being extremely sensitive to touch)

Ozostomia: bad breath [Gk. ózein (“smell”) + –stóma (“mouth”)]

A Logolept’s Diet of Obscure, Obsolete, Curious and Downright Odd “N” Words

Literary & Linguistics, Popular Culture, World history,

”Bring your N” game

The 14th letter in the alphabet is “N” (pronounced en). It is the sixth” most-common letter in the English alphabet. The written form of “N” (“n”) traces its genesis to Egyptian hieroglyphics and the symbol for snake 𓆓 . N’s etymological ancestors are the Semitic letter Nun and the Greek letter Nu. N-words are especially germane to the compilation of the topic of this blog series – including as they do, nomen (meaning “name”), nomenclature (the devising or choosing of names for things) and nomenclator (lexicon; word-list; one who assigns names).

Nacket: meaning>(hist.) a ball-boy at tennis (16th. ; a pert or smart child; snack; light lunch derivation>[Obsolete Scots nacket(t) “caddie at tennis”, from MidFr naquet “valet”)] 🎾 👦🏽

Naiant: (of a fish or marine creature) swimming horizontally [L. natare (“to swim”)] fish 𓇼 ⋆。˚ 𓆝⋆。˚ 𓇼

Nanoid: dwarf-like [Gk. nanos (“dwarf”) + -oid]

Napoo: to destroy; something finished, ruined, inoperative or dead [from Fr. “there is no more”; “it’s over”]

Narcoleptic: a sudden, involuntary deep sleep; pathological drowsiness [Gk. nárkē (“numbness”) + -, lēpsia, (“seizure”)]

Naskin: prison [origin unknown] ⛓️⛓️

Nassologist: taxidermist [origin unknown]

Nassologist (image: classroomclipart.com)

Nasute: keen-scented; critically discerning; having a big nose [L. nasus (“nose”)] 👃🏽

Natation: the act or art of swimming [L. natare (“to swim”)] (cf. Natatorium: swimming-pool) 🏊‍♀️

Nates: the buttocks [L. natis (“buttocks”)]

Naucify: to despise; to hold in low esteem [L. naucum (“a trifling thing”)]

Naufrageous: in a state of danger or ruin; threatened [L. naufragium (“a shipwreck”) from navis (“ship”)] (cf. Naufrague: shipwrecked person)

Naufrageous (photo: live science.com)

Naumachy: mock sea battle [L. navis (“naval”) + Gk. -makhē (“a battle”; “fight”)]

Naupathia: sea sickness [Gk. naus (“ship”) + -pathos (“suffering”)]

Naupegical: of or relating to shipbuilding [Gk. naus + -pegical(?)]

Nautics: art of navigation [Gk. nautēs (“sailor”) + -ics]

Naviform: boat-shaped [L. navis (“ship”) +‎ -form] ⛵

Neanic: of, like or pertaining to the adolescent period: young [Gk. neanias (“young man”) + -ikos]

Neanimorphism: looking younger than one’s actual age [L. neanias (“young man”) + -morphic (“shape”; “form”)] (cf. Nearomatria: a young mother)

Nebbich: colourless; inconsequential person [Yiddish. nebekh (“so what”; “whatever”; “who cares?”)]

Nebulochaotic: a state of being hazy and confused [L. nebulosus (“mist”) + Gk. -khaos (“abyss”; “that which gapes wide open”; “is vast and empty”)]

Nebulist: artist whose style comprises indistinct lines [L. nebulosus + -ist]

Necrographer: obituary writer (cf. Necrologue: obituary) [Gk. nekrós (“dead body”) + –graphos]

Necrographer

Negaholic: habitually pessimistic [neg (from “negative”) + -aholic]

Nelipot: someone who is walking without shoes; going barefoot [dubious (?) – origin unknown] 👣

Nemophilist: one who loves the woods (cf. Nemoricolous: living in forests and groves [Gk. nemos (“grove”) + -philos (“affection”)] 🌳

Neogamist: newlywed [Gk. néos (“new”; “young”) + -gamy]

Neolagnium: puberty [Gk. néos + ?]

Neoteric: recent in origin; modern [from Gk. néos + -teric(?)]

Nephalism: 💯% abstinence from alcohol [Gk. nēphein (“to be sober”; “drink no wine”) + -ismos]

Nephalism (image: campaignlive.co.uk)

Nescience: lack of knowledge; [ne- (“not”) + -scire (“to know”)]

Nesiote: living on an island [Gk. (“of islands”)] 🏝️

Nettlesome: irritable; difficult [Old Saxon netila (?) + OE. sum (“one”; “as one, together with”)]

Neutrologistic: expressing neither praise nor disapproval [L. neutralis (“neuter”) + Gk. –logos (“speech”; “word”) +‎ -istic]

Newspaperacious: of a form or style usual in newspapers [coined 1843; first appeared in Fraser’s Magazine]

Newspaperacious

Nexility: compactness of speech [L. nexus (nectō) (“bind”) + -ity]

Nimrod: a skilful hunter [Hebrew. Nimrōḏ (from hunter-warrior biblical personage in Book of Genesis]

Nimród

Nippaitaty or Nippitatum: particularly good and strong liquor, esp good good ale [origin unknown] 🍺

Niveous: snowy; white [L. niv, nix (“snow”)] ⛄️

Noctambulist: someone who walks late at night [L. nox, noct (“night”) + –ambulare (“to walk”) + -ist] (cf. Noctivagant: wandering in the night; a night-walker)

Noctidiurnal: comprising one day and one night [L. nocti (“night”) + -dies (“day”) + –urnus (denoting time)]

Noisant: harmful; troublesome; grievous [OF. nuisant (“harmful”; “hurtful”)]

Nomiatrist: a lawyer who specialises in medical cases [Gk. nomos (“law”; “arrangement”) + –iatris (“physician”; “heal or cure”; “treat”; “medical healing”)] ⚖ 🚑 ☤

Nomic: customary; conventional [Gk. nomos (“law”; “custom”) + -ic]

Nomographer: a writer of laws 📝 [Gk. nomos (“law”) + –graphos (“write”; “scribe”)]

Nonage: legal infancy; legal minority; time of immaturity [L. non + -age]

Nonparous: a woman without children; not having given birth [L. non (“not”) + –parus (“bearing”)]

Novenary: based on the number 9 [L. novenus (“nine”) + –arius (“ary”)]

Nosism: use of the Royal “We”; assumption of role of group mouthpiece [L. nos (“we”)]

Nosocomium: (hist. an ancient hospital; hospital (cf. Nosocomial: of, like or pertaining to a hospital) [Gk. nósos (“disease”; “suffering”) +‎ –koméō (“to tend”)] 🏩

Nostrum: medicine of secret composition recommended by its preparer but usually without scientific proof of its effectiveness; a quack medicine or dubious remedy [L. noster (“our” or “ours”)]

Novercaphobia: an irrational fear of one’s step-mother [from L. novus (“new”) + -phobia] (cf. Novercal)

Nudiustertian: relating to the day before yesterday [L. nū̆diū̆stertiānus (“taking place the day before yesterday”) coined by Nathaniel Ward (1647)]

Nullibicity: the state of being nowhere [LateL. nullibi (“nowhere”) (from L. nullus (“null”) + -ibi (“here”; “there”) + -icity] (cf. Nullibiquitous: existing nowhere)

Nullifidian: having no faith or religion; one who is faithless [L. nullus (“null”) + -fides (“faith”) + -an)

Nulliverse: universe devoid or any plan or organising principle [L. nullus + (adapted from) universe. Coined by William James, American philosopher)]

Numinous: arousing spiritual or religious feelings; emotional; mysterious or awe-inspiring [L. numen (“nod of the head”; “divine will”) + -ous]

Numismatist: a person who collects and studies coins and paper currency [L. numisma (“coin”) + -ist] 🪙 💴

Numismatist (corporate finance institute.com)

Numquid: an inquisitive person [ L. num (“whether”; “if”) + quid (“something”)]

Nuncius: messenger (“long”; “large”) + –biota (“life”; “living”)] 🏤

Nuncle: to defraud; to deceive; to claim to be one’s uncle” [ME: modification of “mine uncle”]

Nundinal: of, like or pertaining to a fair or market [L. nundinae Nundine (market day every 9 days in Ancient Rome) + -alis -al]

Nurvill (or Nyrvyl): a little man; dwarf [poss. Norw. nurv (?)]

Nutrice: wet nurse; nurse [ L. nūtrīcem (“nurse”)] (cf. Nutricial: relating to nurses) ℝ☤ℕ

Nyctalopia: night-blindness [Gk. nyct- (“night”) + -al(aós) blind + –ōpia-opia] 🌌

Nycterent: a hunter who hunts at night; a nocturnal hunter [Gk. nycti (“night”) + -ent]

Rome’s Chariot Racing: The “Formula One” of the Ancient World

Ancient history, Cinema, Regional History, Society & Culture, Sports history

People tend to associate the sport of chariot racing with the ancient Romans, thanks in part to Hollywood and movies like Ben-Hur…chariot racing was a fundamental part of ludi circenses (circus entertainment) for the Roman public, together with gladiatorial combats, mock hunts and wild animals pitted against each other. Chariot racing however wasn’t an activity that originated with the Romans, the ancient Greeks and the Etruscans were right into the sport long before them𝔸. It emerged in the Hellenic world at least as early as 700BC with contests taking place in stadia known as hippodromes (“horse course”). The sport features in the Iliad and by 684BC it was so popular it debuted as an event in the proto-Olympic games. In Greek chariot races the competitors were the owners of the rigs and horses, and with Spartan women entitled to own property, this allowed some women to participate in the popular sporting spectacle. Success in the four-horse races was well remunerated, with prizes for the winner such as 140 ceramic pots of olive oil (‘Ben-Hur: The Chariot Race’, A Historian Goes to the Movies, 16-Sep-2016, http://aelarsen.wordpress.com).

Spartan woman winning a chariot race (vase decoration)

The premier venue for Roman chariot racing, the epicentre of the sport in antiquity, was the massively-proportioned Circus Maximus, a specially-constructed race course located between the Aventine and Palantine hills in Rome. The course was an extended oblong shape along a 2,037-foot-long sand track (spatium) with sharp 180° turns at each end (a race comprised seven laps with the top speeds nudging 40 mph) (Encyclopedia Romana, Upd. 21-Nov-2023, www.penelope.uchicago.edu). The rage for currus circenses (chariot racing) as a spectator sport was such that the Roman went from having 10-12 races a day on 17 days of the year only in Emperor Augustus’ time to 100 races per day during the reign of Domitian. The standard “horse power” for racing chariots was four horses—called a quadriga or quardigae𝔹—piloted by older, more experienced horsemen called agitatos, whereas novice drivers (auriga) were usually assigned a bigae (two-horse vehicles). Less common but not unheard of were six, eight and ten-horse chariots. The best horses for currus circenses were sourced from the Roman provinces of Lusitania and Hispania and from North Africa (‘Chariot Racing: Rome’s Most Popular, Most Dangerous Sport’, Patrick J Kiger, History, Upd. 17-July-2022, www.history.com).

All that remains today of Circus Maximus

To the Roman masses, the chariot drivers were above all entertainers, just like actors or musicians of the day, but there was a duality to how they were viewed by society. The elite drivers were lauded and lionised by the public (just like elite sportsmen today), but at the same time they were cursed as witches or magicians (this conclusion was drawn because how else could you explain their repeated victories?)(Kiger). Not all social elites in Rome were as gung-ho about the sport as the populus Romanus, although the egregious and unstable emperors Caligula and Nero were both big fans.

To the victor, laurels…and “big bucks”

Charioteers faced a high danger of injury or death from their profession, but the lure was the prospect of fabulous wealth…for the best race drivers. The prize money for a single victory ranged from 15-30 thousand sesterces up to 60,000 sesterces. If you were successful on the track and survived, you could earn a fortune and set yourself up for life…one such ace driver was Portuguese-born Gaius Appeuleius Diocles whose 24-year career netted him upward of 36,000,000 secterces from 1,462 victories. Diocles’ race winnings, valued today as equivalent to US$17 bn, would place him far above the superstar earnings of the Michael Jordans and Novak Djokovics of the modern era in sport (Kiger).

Diocles, champion of the Red team (source: earlychurchhistory.org)

Charioteers competed in teams under the aegis of factiones (factions) which like Formula One racing today, were under the control of team bosses/owners – these were different associations of contractors. The four principal factions, each one associated with a particular season and god, were known as the Reds, Blues, Greens and Whites. Each faction team had its own talent scouts whose job it was to find the most promising charioteers and horses, and each team had its own passionate tribal supporters base, much as we see today in professional football𝔻 (‘Chariot Races’, The Roman Empire in the First Century, www.pbs.org).

The four “colour” factions

The faction bosses bankrolled the whole operation of their teams, including the engagement of medical and veterinary staff, in return they took a cut of the drivers’ winnings. With customarily 12 charioteers in a race (three drivers from each team), teams pursued a stratagem of using their two lesser drivers to try to manoeuvre and block their opponents to maximise the chances of success of their team’s star driver (Formula One and contemporary professional cycling adopt similar team tactics in races) (‘Chariot Racing’, Travels Through Greco-Roman Antiquity, http://exhibits.library.villanova.edu).

A Roman mosaic of two famous race horses (source: earlychurchhistory.org)

Chariot racing revolved around money, not just for the drivers and factiones, betting on the outcome by the race-going “punters” was big business too. The Circus Maximus didn’t have on-course bookies or the TAB or Ladbrokes but betting was widespread on an individual basis. Prior to a race spectators in the seated areas or in the refreshment arcades would make private wagers with each other on the upcoming race.

Footnote: Hollywood does currus circenses ⟴⟴⟴ Most movie-watchers would have seen the 1959 biblical era blockbuster Ben-Hur, the Charlton Heston version immortalised for its epic 20-plus minutes chariot race. The race is a thrilling climax to the movie, accurately capturing the danger and drama of a real chariot contest in Ancient Rome, however much of what is shown veers away from historical verisimilitude…there are nine bronze dolphin lap counters, not seven, though the chariots are comparatively light as they needed to be. In Roman charioteering the race drivers were formed into teams (as outlined above), whereas in the film this is completely ignored with each competitor singularly representing different ethnicities (Jew, Roman, Arab, etc). Roman chariot races had staggered starts and starting gates (carceres) to negate the advantage to drivers nearest the inner wall or barrier (the spina), the movie is again historically out-of-kilter. First, the contestants line up one abreast, backing on to the the spina which seems to be borrowed from the way Formula One car races used to start in the 1950s, then they wheel round and start in a straight line across the sand-strewn track. Having Ben-Hur’s antagonist the elite Roman soldier Messala as a charioteer, is also all wrong…chariot drivers were recruited from the lower orders, slaves, freedmen, foreigners, they were infamis, the disreputable in society, men with a black mark against them. Lastly, Ben-Hur and Messala and the other drivers all hold the reins of their horses during the race, unlike what the Romans actually did, which was to tie the reins around the charioteer’s waist during the race (‘A Historian”).

‘Ben-Hur’, the iconic chariot race scene

𝔸 and the Byzantines continued the sport after the fall of Rome

𝔹 the quadriga races were the main event of the ludi circenses race day

ℂ the Blues and the Greens, the two largest factions, engaged in a fierce rivalry

𝔻 there were also occasionally spectator riots, as in football